MERITS O F PRAGMTISM--------1)It is basically a child centered teaching approach2)It emphasizes on learning by doing3)it develops on the child the love for Democratic values as well as social efficiency which brings harmonious adjustments and development of personality.4)it is educational philosophy about life and growth.5) it focuses on the real world applications of lessons.                   DEMERITs-----1)opposition  of predetermined ideas and values2)pragmatism denies  the existence of  spiritual values3) it opposes intellectualism4) it does assert a connection between  thought and action5) it does not give an adequate account of just what this relationship is.

MERITS OF IDELISM-----1) idealist education emphasizes the inculcation of highest values.viz,truth,beauty,and goodness.2)It leads to the development of a moral character of the child.3)It  aims at self- realization of all individuals by ones own efforts.4) It promotes universal education.5)Explains why civilization proceeds largely on the basis of nonmaterial factors.

OBJECTIVES  OF EDUCATION  ATDIFFERENT LEVELS------in our country planning of curriculum is preceded by documentations of broad guidelines,by the NCERT,for each level of education.The document ,referred to as the national curriculum framework(NCR),specifies the various levels of education.The different levels of education are.                                        PREPRIMARY EDUCATION------- ore primary education or early childhood care and education program me in our country caters to the needs of the children of our country from the age group of 0-6 years.The focus of this program me is to give care,opportunities,and experiences,leading to an all round development ------ physical,social,mental,emotional,and school readiness of the child.The nutritional and health needs of the child are also taken care of under this program me A healthy environment in which  the child can explore,experiment,and freely express himself/ herself,will help develop a healthy mind.The important components of learning,at this stage,are music,rhythm,and activities,such as speaking,listening and expressing oneself.Formal study,comprising of reading,writing and arithmetic,should be strictly avoided.Good quality ECCE programmed have a healthy impact on the child's all round development.                          PRIMARY EDUCATION---- The objectives of primary education are------                                 1)The pupils develop basic skills of language communication,such as listening,speaking,reading,and the symbolic skills---- the use of signs,symbols,sketches,drawings etc.               2)the pupils develop an understanding of terms,symbols,concepts,principles,laws,facts,events numeric operations etc.                      3) the pupils apply the acquired knowledge of the basic principles of healthy living,both individual and social, and put the same practice into their daily life.                              4)The pupils  develops the ability to observe and appreciate beauty in things and phenomena.                                                           5) The pupils develop interest in their social and physical environment.                     SECONDARY E DUCATION---this stage generally encompasses the tenth to the fourteenth  year of formal education ,that is,an individual enters this stage at the age of 14,and continues for four years.It mainly occurs during the teenage  years and is given in school.It is divided into two parts----1) lower secondary education                           2)upper secondary education.                          LOwER SECONDARY EDUCATION---it aims to enable children of the age 14-15 years ,to identify the needs and interests,and to be aware of their aptitude,both in general and vocational education,and to develop their ability for work and occupational practices relevant to their age.it ends with the matriculation examination,which is also referred to as secondary school examination.                                                         uPPER SECONDARY EDUCATION------it covers 15-17 years old learners to acquire the basis for either the higher education,or for working and pursuing a career suitable for their aptitude.Some of the objectives of secondary education9n are----1) To provide them with experiences that enrich their physical and mental faculties of their  personality.2)to provide them varied experiences that help them to discover their interests and aptitudes.3)to crate an understanding of the different disciplines and their scope of study4)to provide experiences of working in laboratories and other skill oriented activities.5)to provide knowledge about health,to inculcate health habits in them.6)to provide them orientations to all kinds of available vocations related to their courses.                     HIGHER  EDUCATION-----higher education is provided by the universities,deemed universities and other institutions after secondary education.it commences after the fourteenth year of education,when the individual is about 17 years of age.some objectives of higher education are-----------       1)to transmit academic and professional knowledge effectively.2)to bring out overall development of the individual3) to provide society with competent men and women4)to venture to promote equality and social justice in the society5)to contribute to the development of the economy,culture,democracy and other developmental changes.6)to bring about sustainable development of the individuals,communities and nations

AIMS OF EDUCATION-+++Education is a dynamic and lifelong process.Any extensive process,with a number of intervening steps ,has certain aims.These aims gives a direction and focus to the whole process.The determination of educational aims is conditioned by the varying  social,economic and political factors and by the differing philosophical and religious under currents.In olden times,the aims of education were directed towards realization of a good society,by developing good individuals.But,in the present world ,there is absence of the concept of good.It is a highly subjective term that varies with place and time.Hence ,aims of education  may be diverse  and conflicting.Thus ,their framing requires a yardstick in the form of certain criteria for sound educational aims.       INDIVIDUAL AIMS OF EDUCATION.                The individual aims of education focus on the interests,inherent capacity,and the abilities of an individual.They consider each individual to have a distinct entity,and focus on the development of the unique individuality of every individual.These are based on the fact that the developments of individuals results in the development of the society.some individual aims of education are----                                                    1) development of an individual physically ,mentally,and spiritually------is the prime individual aim of education.2) developing the capacity for understanding the world and to have an integrated outlook on life.3)Enhancing the individuals creative expression and his or her capacity for aesthetic appreciation.4)making the individual self confident and self dependent.5)development of the capacity of critical thinking and open mindedness.6) development of a scientific attitude and a scientific temper7)development of capacity  for independent,value based decision making8)to enable individuals to develop their potentialities and  to attain self realization.                                                               SOCIAL AIMS-----social aims are equally important,as an individual is a social being  and lives in the society.These aims  are based on the fact that an individual is a part of the society,to which he or she has to adjust and contribute.They emphasize that the progress of a society is dependent on its individual. And vice versa.Thus,they focus on making the individuals socially efficient.The following are some social aims  of education--------1) developing the ability to adjust to the society and its changes 2)developing an understanding of the various processes in the society and their role within it.3) developing the ability to  participate in the society and its socio economic process.4)inculcating a feeling of togetherness and spirit of working  in co operation with other members of the society.

Components of education and their mutual relationship( pupils,teachers,school and curriculum framework).                                      Education is the process of facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge,skills,values,beliefs, and habits.Educational methods include teaching,learning,story telling,discussion and directed research.The establishment of an educational institutions requires school,pupils,teachers,and curriculum.The absent of one may result in the failure of the whole educational system.It is a network where all the four components  pupils,teachers,school and curriculum are interconnected and the four together functions in the educational process.Society requires  school to impart education,the school requires pupils who would learn and these two components  requires teachers who would impart education.But teacher,pupil and school requires curriculum for overall success of the process.                                                                   TEACHER----A teacher with the knowledge,attitudes,behaviors and skills requires to perform her task efficiently in the classroom,school and  wider community.In this process she uses the curriculum to change the behavior of the pupils. who would in return in the further processes be the cause for the development  of the society.The primary role of a teacher is to deliver classroom instruction that helps students learn.To accomplish this,teachers must prepare effective lessons,grade student work and offer feedback,manage classroom materials,productivity,navigate the curriculum and collaborate with other staff. A teacher should possess good teacher collaboration skills,capacity to structure engaging teaching and lessons pans as per need and requirement of the curriculum for students in the school.                                   PUPIL--a good school cares for its students,interests and strengths of her students and motivates them to learn and grow.A good school ensures all students acquire strong fundamentals of literacy and numeracy and develops them holistically in character,knowledge and critical competencies,.A teacher along with the curriculum should try to get the learning outcomes like knowledge,remembering,recognize,comprehension,understanding,demonstrate,implement,perform,analyze,compare,differentiate,try to grow  the students by achieving  these objectives for a better society.These learning outcomes the student should acquire by the end of a particular assignment,class,course or program and helps student understand why that knowledge and skills be useful to them.The points to be noted are what experiences do pupils bring with them to school,has the pupil been exposed to special challenges such as natural disaster,abuse,child LA our or aids,has the pupil been grown up in an environment  where girls and boys have equal opportunities,how dissimilar is the language used at school to the one spoken at  home,are pupils hungry when dey arrive at school,do they suffer from any chronic disease.All these factors are to be kept in mind while carrying out education in a school.The pupils in a school should achieve the learning outcome  and it is possible only through a  well planned curriculum and a very expert teacher.             CURRICULUM----- curriculum provides direction for instruction since instruction is the method of delivering academic curriculum.curriculum and teaching must be compatible and maintain a close relationship in order to maximize student learning.The design of curriculum influences student learning,.The curriculum is an important component of the educational system..in the curriculum it is to be seen that the curriculum and the teaching materials  are relevant.Basic literacy and memory skills  sufficiently emphasized.it should also highlight basic skills such as,hygiene,nutrition,health,knowledge about certain diseases,conflict work,gender. equality,or other important national and international issues.All these are carried and developed in the pupils through curriculum in a school.The curriculum should ensure a sound learning environment.The school should become a welcoming place for both teachers and the students and it is possible only through a well planned curriculum.It should provide the totality of experiences.Any curriculum consists of several components ,objectives,attitudes,time,students and teachers,needs analyses,classroom activities,study skills,language skills,vocabulary,grammar and assessment.The dour components of the curriculum are curriculum aims,goals,and objectives which are to be achieved by a well managed educational system with the support of teachers who can provide good curriculum experience to the  pupils in a school.                                                                     SCHOOL--- A school is an educational institution design to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students or pupils under the direction of teachers.Most country have systems of formal education,which is commonly compulsory in these systems.Students progress through a series of schools.A school.comprises of planning,administration,organizations,direction,co ordination,supervision,controlling and evaluation.Developing positive relationship between a teacher and student  is a fundamental aspect of quality teaching  and student learning .Positive teacher student relationship  promote a sense of school belonging  and encourage students to participate co operatively.Positive relationship with pupils also increases teachers job satisfaction,trust based,respectful,and  co operative  relationships  between teachers and learners,their parents and the wider community also influence positive learning outcomes.These relationships involve  teachers becoming more aware of their practices, their students learning, and the connection between their practices.In other words the teacher is trying to ensure fit between student understanding and curriculum.                                                            CONCLUSION------Thus,education refers to the process through which acquisitions of knowledge,habits,skills,beliefs,values and learning are all facilitated.A teacher  enables the learner to learn on his / her own.Teaching process involves a series of  planning,implementing, and evaluating which are quite simikarb to the process of curriculum development.henceforth,we can conclude  that the necessity of four components are necessary  for the overall success of the educational process.

iMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE                             ------------------------------------------                              Discipline is an essential part of our life.A society without proper discipline encourages the unsocial activities,such as violence and bad behavior.Self discipline  is most  important  to achieve  complete discipline in life.It also helps to develop better character of the person concerned.The importance of discipline is assumed from the following points----             a) Discipline is very important for a students life as it is their learning stage so as to live a better and dignity in the rest of their lives.                                                               B) students should start practicing discipline while attending the class by copying  good discipline  maintained and taught by the teachers.                                         C) discipline is a self.                                            D) The lack of discipline brings aimlessness,indecisions,procrastination,disorganization,confusion and eventually the tendency to give up or quit.                                E)with a high level of self discipline you will be able to reduce your thoughts by 30-50%.                                                                         F) Discipline plays an important role in building a nation.                                                  G) discipline has a good impact in the child's mind too.                                                     H)Discipline makes a child a civilized citizen in future.                                                    I) Discipline helps us to stay focus on reaching our goals.                                                j)discipline helps us to overcome our obstacles and helps us to push ourselves to new height.

pHILOSOPHY Of IDEALISM--- The word idealism may be derived from ideals or idea.so according to idealism,higher values are much more significant in human life than anything else.This philosophy seeks to explain man and universe in terms of spirit or mind.it is a philosophy evolved by Plato,the great philosopher of all ages.            CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEALISM------a)Besides the physical or material universe,there is also a spiritual universe.They spiritual universe is that in which GOd is the creator and others are created.Hu man mind is a part of the universal mind and is dependent of HIM.       b)Idealism believes that man is a mere animal.He is essentially a spiritual being whose chief aim is to develop his spiritual nature.It is this spirituality that distinguishes man from other lower creatures.                                                             C)Idealisms has full faith in eternal values which never change.They can never be created nor destroyed .According to Plato,the outstanding eternal values are truth,goodness,and beauty.                                 D)The knowledge which is gain through the activity and creativity of mind is more important than the knowledge acquired through senses.                                                     SUPPORTER Of IDEALISM. ---- the idealistic school of philosophy is represented by Plato,Comenius,Kapila,Kant,Pestalozzi,Froebel,Tagore and Gandhi.                                        Idealism and aims of education.                     -+++++----------------------------------------                     some of the important aims of idealism are--                                                                         1)The foremost aim of education should be the exaltation of the self which means self realization .Educational should help the individual to become a man of perfect personality.                                                             2)Idealism should be universal without any distinction of caste,creed,color or social status.                                                                      3)man should not accept his physical environment as unchangeable .He should rather change and modify that environment according to his needs and would it according to his own purposes through his inventive and creative skills.       4)Man himself is the creator of cultural environment.idealism gives importance to the culture and suggests that each child should enter into the cultural heritage of mankind.A man should contribute to the enrichment of that culture.                                 5) The last important aim of education ,according to idealism,is the development of the moral sense of the child ,so that he may be able to distinguish between right and wrong.Education should develop the will power of the child so that he may be able to follow the good and reject the evil.                   Idealism and curriculum.                                  -----------------------------------------                                 Idealism aims at developing a true sense of appreciation of truth .goodness,And beauty,which means the attainment of spiritual perfectiion.Idealistic curriculum provides for the training and cultivation  of the  intellectual ,moral and aesthetic activities.FOr the aesthetic and moral development  fine arts,poetry,ethics,and religion  are provided.It also includes  physical exercises,physical hygiene,gymnastics and athletics.                     Idealism and method of teaching.                    --------------------------------------------------                    idealism has provided some certain teaching techniques---  questioning,discussion,lecture method,single and group projects, and lecture method.                                                     Idealsm and discipline                                       ------------------------------------                                    idealist are not in favor of free discipline.they feel that strict discipline is essential for self realization .The teacher should make the environment suitable for his students to realize the higher values of life through self discipline.It may again be noted that idealist are not against freedom.   Idealism and teacher.                                         ----------------------------------the place of teacher in idealism is very high.He is a practical man and leads an ideal life.His personality is a source of inspiration for his students to  follow.He acts as a friend ,philosopher and a guide.                                                                   Demerits of idealism.                                         ---------------------------------                                         1) idealism is against the interests of the individual.                                                             2) it supports superstitious beliefs.                    3) it does not advocate any special method of education.                                                           4) it is not in favor of free discipline.               5) idealism supports conservativeness.

ROLE OF FREEDOM AND DISCIPLINE--------         Freedom of education is the right for parents to have their children educated in accordance with their religious and other views,allowing groups to be able to educate children without being impended by the nation state.Discipline I'd the practice of training people to obey rules or codes of behavior,using punishments to correct disobedience.A training which corrects the mental faculties  or moral character.                     Freedom and discipline are two words that are not usually used together at least in regard to children.freedom and discipline cannot be given together .It is generally understood that children can only behave when strict discipline is imposed on them.But according to Maria Montessori  freedom and discipline go hand in hand.In traditional schools  discipline  is imposed by the teacher  on the child.The child's feelings and motives do not matter to the teacher.The child must only do what the teacher say.Teacher control through commands and orders for which discipline  cannot be achieved.In the beginning the child needs to be taught discipline  with our help and care.The child needs to experience the freedom ,move at his own will and to choose his own activities.It is to train the child  how to control the muscles and co ordinate his movements  mentally and emotionally as he practice thinking through problems.Freedom requires just a few simple rules in which the child needs to be explained in what way to behave in different situations.at first it is necessary to guide the parents not to enforce their  limits and let the child grow naturally.An individual should learn by trial and error.It is in this way through freedom that the child learns in his own way.He learns how to discipline himself  how to control his body and movements and how to think  and how to be responsible person,who is respectful of himself and others.

DEMOCRACY FREEDOM AND DISCIPLINE.              Democracy is a system  of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representative from among themselves to form a governing body,such as a parliament.It is the active participant of the people ,as citizens,in politics and civic life It is the protection of the human rights of all citizens.A rule of law,in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens.                                                              EDUCATION A ND  DEMOCRACY-------- An introduction to the philosophy  of education is a 1916 book by John Dewey.Dewey sought to at once synthesize,criticize and expand upon the democratic educational philosophies. Of Rousseau and Plato.Rousseaus philosophy overemphasize the individual and Plato's philosophy emphasize on the society.Dewey viewed the mind and its formation as a communal process.Thus,the individual is a meaningful concept only when regarded as an important part of his or her society and the society has no meaning apart from its realization in the lives of its individual  members.There is a close relationship between  democracy and education .In a democracy,education is given  primary importance.Education fosters a democratic temper  in the minds of the people.Democratic values like liberty ,equality,fraternity,justice,dignity of individual ,co operation ,sharing of responsibityetc. Are applied to education to make it more effective ,meaningful,relevant and useful.Democracy in order to be a reality and the way of life as to be introduced from the very beginning of education and its values needs to be practiced in educational institutions.No one should be exploited .it is the absence of distractions based on caste ,class,creed,birth,religion or po sessions of many.everyone is guaranteed fundamental rights and equality of opportunities is given for the dullest development of personality.there is no domination s of any individual or group over another .

DEMOCRACY  FREEDOM AND DISCIPLINE.        Democracy is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body,such as parliament.It is the active participants  of the people  as citizens in politics and civic life.It is the protection of the human